Contrast and Compare Absorption Costing with Marginal Costing Essay

Differentiation and Compare Absorption Costing with Marginal Costing - Essay Example The Strict adherence to a specific costing strategy is basically essential to adequately dealing with the account in a firm since its administration will be bundle to make legitimate evaluation of the efficiency just as execution of different costs units in the firm. This bit of exploration surveys full costing and variable costing and blueprints the calculated system and key suspicions of these cost techniques. This paper looks into these ways to deal with item and administrations costing so as to clarify whether the decision of full costing or variable costing despite everything matter or not. Full Costing: Conceptual Framework and key suppositions Full costing, likewise generally named as Absorption Costing, alludes to a costing strategy wherein all assembling costs, including variable just as fixed expenses, are credited to the creation costs. Hilton, Maher and Selto (200, p. 58) expressed that full costing applies all assembling overheads to fabricated products alongside direct materials and direct work costs. Full costing is additionally named as assimilation costing since it retains and recuperates both fixed and variable expenses (Heisinger, 2009, p. 276). The expense brought about for the creation of a unit is considered as factor cost per unit in addition to a designated portion of the fixed overheads (Jawahar-Lal, 2008, p. 627, Nigam, Nigam and Jain, 2004, p. 398). In full costing, direct expenses are straightforwardly assigned to the cost units and assembling overhead-costs are taken to the item and different overheads. Direct material expenses and direct work costs are variable expenses and these are straightforwardly ascribed to the item. In any case, fixed expenses are charged over various items that the firm fabricates over a given timeframe (Williams, Haka and Bettner, 2004, p. 923, Jiambalvo, 2009, p. 181). Stock expenses ought to incorporate all creation overheads with fixed just as factor costs and along these lines SSAP 9 considers Full Cos ting as a basic prerequisite for the outer announcing purposes if the firm needs to experience it (Broadbent, Broadbent and Cullen, 2003, p. 92). In Full Costing strategy, the interest of the item is rarely thought of, however costs are considered as the elements of the expenses. Full costing incorporates pasts costs that may not generally be applicable to the current dynamic purposes and valuing determinants (Jackson, Sawyers and Jenkins, 2008, p. 228, Drury. 2006, p. 227) In Full Costing technique, the interest of the item is rarely thought of, however costs are considered as the elements of the expenses. Full costing incorporates pasts costs that may not generally be pertinent to the current dynamic purposes and valuing determinants. It is in this manner censured that Full costing will be unable to give solid and exact data so as to settle on dynamic be compelling (Boardguess, 2009). Variable Costing: Conceptual Framework and key suppositions As point by point above, Full costing incorporates direct materials, direct works and both variable and fixed assembling overheads that are acquired in assembling an item. Interestingly, factor costing doesn’

American dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American dream - Essay Example The early pilgrims paid attention to religion very and trusted it characterized their independence. The Puritans alongside the Pilgrims and Quakers all needed to leave England to restore their strict practice. Britain and the Puritans had various convictions about how Christianity ought to be rehearsed and this distinction of conclusion is the thing that drove the Puritans to set out toward America. Britain needed to make changes and give another rent of life to Christianity. The Puritans saw things altogether contrastingly and accepted that the adjustments England needed to make to their religion would realize extraordinary hardship. The New World would carry incredible favors from God to the Puritans in the event that they delved their heels into the American soil. Something that isn't made known by numerous history books is that many individuals that came to America in the long run returned to their country. Given that individuals for the most part resulted in these present circumstances nation due to heinous conditions in Europe, this infers they discovered life here, regardless of whether in the overflowing ghettos of New York or the freezing prairies of North Dakota, much more terrible (Locke, 2002). The American dream has not changed altogether taking into account the way that, everybody is as yet looking for that ideal life. Despite the fact that, since the mid 1900's there have been numerous adjustments to the American dream.

Acquisition in Classical Conditioning

Acquisition in Classical Conditioning More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Acquisition refers to the first stages of learning when a response is established. In classical conditioning, it refers to the period when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response. Consider Pavlovs classic experiment with dogs. By associating the presentation of food with the sound of a tone, Pavlov was able to condition the dogs to salivate to the sound. The phase in which the dogs began to salivate to the sound is the acquisition period. How It Works How does acquisition occur? In classical conditioning, repeated pairings of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) eventually lead to acquisition. Remember, the unconditioned stimulus is one that naturally evokes the unconditioned response (UCR). After pairing the CS with the UCS repeatedly, the CS alone will come to elicit the response, which is now known as the conditioned response (CR). During acquisition, the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are repeatedly paired to create an association. Multiple pairings are required, but the number of trials needed can vary depending on what is being learned. For example, imagine that you are teaching a dog to fear the sound of a rattlesnake. This type of learning will likely occur much more quickly since the animal may already be primed to form such an association. As a result, the acquisition will happen much faster than if you are teaching your dog to play dead. The strength of the conditioned response will continue to increase up to a certain point before it begins to level off. Once the association between the CS and UCS has been established, the response is said to have been acquired. At this point, the behavior is still often reinforced to strengthen the association. For example, imagine that you are teaching a pigeon to peck a key whenever you ring a bell. Initially, you place some food on the key and sound a tone right before the pigeon pecks the key. After several trials, the pigeon begins to peck the key whenever he hears the tone, meaning he has acquired the behavior. If you stop reinforcing the behavior at this point, the bird would quickly stop engaging in the action, and extinction may occur. If you continue reinforcing the association between the bell and the food, the response will become much stronger. Factors That Influence Acquisition A number of factors can affect how quickly acquisition occurs. First, the salience of the conditioned stimulus can play an important role. If the CS is too subtle, the learner may not notice it enough for it to become associated with the unconditioned stimulus. Stimuli that are more noticeable usually lead to better acquisition.?? For example, if you are training a dog to salivate to a sound, the acquisition will be more likely if the sound is noticeable and unexpected. The sound of a bell will produce a better result than a quiet tone or a neutral sound that the animal hears regularly. Second, timing plays a critical role. If there is too much of a delay between the presentation of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, the learner might not form an association between the two. The most effective approach is to present the CS and then quickly introduce the UCS so that there is an overlap between the two. As a rule, the greater the delay between the UCS and the CS, the longer acquisition will take.

Cacther In The Rye Essay - 1147 Words

JD Salinger, also known as Jerome David Salinger, is an American novelist and short story writer. Critics and readers alike recognize Salinger as one of the most popular and influential writers. His only novel, The Catcher in the Rye, drew such great attention during the fifties and sixties that those years have been called the age of Holden Caulfield (Contemporary Literary Critiscm, Vol. 12). Salinger is a master of contemporary dialect and idiomatic expression. He created in Holden Caulfield a character who became the prototype of alienated adolescence for an entire generation of Americans. The Catcher in the Rye has been banned even recently from a few libraries, schools, and bookstores for the starkness of its language and attitudes†¦show more content†¦To be good is to be a â€Å"case,† a â€Å"bad boy† who confounds the society of men. So Holden seeks the one role which would allow him to be a catcher, and that role is the role of the child. As a child, he would be condoned, for a child is a sort of savage and a parish because he is innocent and good. But it is Holden’s tragedy that he is sixteen, and like Wordsworth he can never be less. (Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 8) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Holden does not suffer from the inability to love, but he does despair of finding a place to bestow his love. The depth of Holden’s capacity for love is revealed in his final words, as he sits in the psychiatric ward musing over his nightmarish adventures. (Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 5) Holden does not refuse to grow up so much as he agonizes over the state of being grown up. The innocent world of childhood is amply represented in The Catcher in the Rye, but Holden, as frustrated, disillusioned, anxious hero, stands for modern man rather than merely for the modern adolescent. He is self-conscious and often ridiculous, but he is also an anguished human being of special sensitivity. He is often childishly ingenuous and his language is frequently comic. Holden must be seen as both a representative and a critic of the modern environment, as the highly subjective tone of the novel suggests. (Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 12) The Catcher in theShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher In The Rye: Why It Is An American Classic?2178 Words   |  9 Pageswas written by a 16 Year Old (2006) in a selective high school (Sydney) in the top English class (later on became Dux of English). Was chosen to be the model essay, so I guess its an A+ or 10/10. 2000 words. *********************The Catcher In The Rye has been renowned as a classic due to a wide range of factors which have been able to garner appeal to the audience throughout the ages. JD Salinger has created a character- Holden Caulfield, which the audience can easily identify and relate to, demonstrated

racism Essay examples - 763 Words

Racism An underlying problem is promoting racism. It is the fact that a lot of people believe, and try to make they believe, that racism no longer exists. Many people today live their lives oblivious to what is happening in the world around them, often trying to convince themselves that racism is not a problem in their world. Others know all about the problem, but don’t really realize that they themselves could possibly be adding to the problem by discriminating against someone else’s human rights, and at the same time going around saying how open-minded they are. One of the main problems of racism is that many people live in racist conditions, without even seeing it. Often times it’s in their school, workplace, community, or even in†¦show more content†¦Often times these people feel that just because a person is a certain color or race, that they must be a thief or a criminal. This is very typical in today’s society and no one deserves to be prejudged like that. The prejudice of people in the world is disgusting. The worst part of it all is that they don’t even know that they are doing it, often thinking that it is just normal behavior. There are people that don’t realize that they are racist and then there are those people who are ignorant and unaware of racism in the world. They walk down the streets, through the stores and working at their job, completely oblivious. We don’t see what is happening around us because we don’t want to see it. If you take someone and put them in the heart of a racist area, would they notice the problems then or would they still deny or overlook the fact of racism? Those people who do not see that racism is a problem are almost as bad as the racists themselves. This is not to be taken in the wrong way; some people who ignore racism are those people who are trying to push racism out of their own lives and out of the world. However, as long as we have people who are unaware of the problem, it will continue to thrive. In society today people look for an easy way out of problems. Most of the time, they can just blame their problems on other people or other races,Show MoreRelatedRacism : Racism And Racism1544 Words   |  7 PagesTo understand whether or not racism is learnt, we first have to divulge into the nature of racism. It is usually assumed that racism has been a part of civilisation since civilisation started, that it is embedded into how people work and that no matter what, it will always exist. Another assumption is that racism derives from the capitalism of the slave trade by white elitist men seeking to dehumanize people for economic gain, and used racism as a way to mask their financial motives to justify enslavementRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism1003 Words   |  5 Pagesracism: Racism-â€Å"the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.† Imagine, 5 black men. Singing a church song still faithful for hope. Chained and cuffed together. Flies follow them as they walk by in the dry hot desert. With the white oppressor behind them yelling nasty words that poison their brain. Yet they still sing and wait and keep faith. In some statesRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism953 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in America â€Å"Racism is a refuge for the ignorant. It seeks to destroy. It is the enemy of freedom, and it deserves to be met head-on and stamped out.† - Pierre Berton Racism is the unjust hate for any people who are simply different for a various array of reasons. It is all around us and always will be, but that does not give us the right to be passive on the subject. This discrimination against culturally diverse people is hurting our â€Å" land of the free†, one racist remark at a time.Read MoreRacism : Racism And Racism1181 Words   |  5 PagesThis issue of racism is popular by name but tends to be sugar coated by the way people see it. In order to truly understand racism you need to take a bite into the topic in order to get a taste of what it is really like. Racism comes in many different forms and can be seen many different ways. But why even care about racism at all? Why does it even matter? One would think that with such a harsh background regarding racism in America it would no longer exist in society today. But sadly that is notRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism989 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in America Racism discrimination has been one of our society’s most horrible social problems. In the words of the famous Martin Luther King judging an individual by the color of their skin rather than the content of their character can be a very dehumanizing experience that can have lasting effects on an individual life. Racism in America has not come to a cease. Racism promotes negative personal relations between people of different cultures. I believe slavery started around the 1500sRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism996 Words   |  4 PagesCovert Racism Introduction Racism; ‘the belief that races have distinctive cultural characteristics determined by hereditary factors and that this endows some races with an intrinsic superiority over others’ (Collins English Dictionary 2012) and thus leading to ‘abusive or aggressive behaviour towards members of another race on the basis of such a belief’ (Collins English Dictionary 2012). Over time, racism has transformed from a blatant and overt form into a passive style of prejudice and discriminationRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism1094 Words   |  5 PagesRacism has been an issue that has caused controversial debates for years. It is a topic that stirs up lots of emotions within people and continues to be an argument for all. When there has been a shooting between a white and a colored or a cop and a colored person, people blame it on racism. They state that since the white cop shot the black man it simply means the cop was racist. Then the people want to speak that justice needs to be served and the cop needs to be put in prison or released fromRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism1751 Words   |  8 PagesRacism Social Justice Topic Issue Corbin Metz H R – 3013 University of Oklahoma Racism Social Justice Topic Issue Today in our society, racism is a very popular social justice topic issue, which affects many of the lives of those around us on a daily basis. Individuals as well as organizations and institutions widely commit the act of racism and these issues are embedded in their policies, procedures, and practices (Calgary). The first signs of racism beginning to arise in the worldRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism1971 Words   |  8 PagesRacism has come to be a very important topic in today’s society. Many are talking about the injustices when it comes mostly when it comes to African-Americans and Caucasians in authority. Many have deemed the incidents of Trayvon Martin, Freddie Gray, Sandra Bland, Walter Scott, Akai Gurley, Tamir Rice, the Spring Valley High School video, and even the Charleston Shooting to name a few as reactions to racism. Out of the people talking about these events, only a few really know the meaning of racismRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism2243 Words   |  9 PagesRacism, a topic which has become especially touchy in modern times. It is quite clear that racism is alive not only in the United States, but across the globe. Though the topic is widely talked about, nobody really does anything to stop it. People will be quick to elaborate on the fact that it should be stopped, then make no changes themselves. Yet do they truly understand the concepts of racism and what it really means to be racist? Granted everybody understands that it is racist to hate a group

Trader Joe’s Methodology Free Essays

Methodology The objective of this assignment is to answer the question: Should Trader Joe’s go into the Danish Market? To help answer this problem formulation we have made 6-sub question that research different condition whish must be in place before considering entrance of a new market and the different problem that can occurs. To begin with we have gone through a process of gathering secondary data through Desk-research about The company trader Joe’s, its concept and products. We did the same thing with the Danish grocery market and its consumer segments. We will write a custom essay sample on Trader Joe’s Methodology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through our secondary research we came across different issues that Trader Joe’s might face when breaking into Denmark (Copenhagen). First of all, we will need to find a matching target group for Trader Joe’s? (Sub question 1). Having found that, we want to study their buying behavior and see what is important for them when buying groceries? (Sub question 2). Up next we will like to see what determine Trader Joe’s success in Denmark? (Sub question 3). Besides that we will like to see if its success depends on adaptation and should Trader Joe’s adapt and change (sub question 4). Finally Do they have a chance to compete with the already existing supermarkets in Copenhagen (sub question 5) and what are the difficulties in entering the Danish market (sub question 6) With the secondary information in hand, we also beginning to build up an image of Trader Joe’s as possible target group and of how we can reach to them. (Our assumption of Trader Joe’s possible target group is a young person of both genres between 20-30 of age who is very aware of what he/she eats, want something out of the original and can easily mix grocery shopping and entertaining together. This is just an assumption and we willing to accept otherwise so we set up to examine the truth by conduction research that can give us true primary data. The assignment is based on interviews we did with to experts whish lay foundation for qualitative interviews with 10 grocery shoppers whish then lad to a quantitative survey research with 110 grocery shoppers, for further study. Each step of t he interviews and survey were customized to answer our 6-sub questions whish is going to help us answer our problem formulation. How to cite Trader Joe’s Methodology, Papers

Operational Improvement for Costa Coffee Shop Essay Example For Students

Operational Improvement for Costa Coffee Shop Essay Operational Improvement for Costa Coffee Shop | | Operational Improvement for Costa Coffee Shop Introduction Small businesses are mighty minnows, reflecting the competitive spirit that a market economy needs for efficiency; they provide an outlet for entrepreneurial talents, a wider range of consumer goods and services, a check to monopoly inefficiency a source of innovation, and a seedbed for new industries; they allow an economy to be more adaptable to structural change through continuous initiatives embodying new technologies, skills, processes, or products (Ibielski 1997, p. ). In this context, it is important to analyze the role of quality practices that can enable Costa Coffee Shop to pursue competitive priorities, such as flexibility and quality of services and goods. Andreichuk (1992) stated, Its a common misconception that big firms with extensive human and financial resources can do a better job of educating and motivating their workers to make quality improvements. The truth is that smaller companies can be even more successful at soliciting employee support and involvement because there are fewer management layers to permeate and fewer people to convince of the benefits (p. 29). Higgins (1994) suggests that there are specific transactions or activities that are involved in managing operations in small businesses. The process of managing a business consists of four major functions occurring in an overlapping cycle and directed toward achieving the particular organizations objectives. These functions are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Planning entails setting objectives; organizing encompasses preparation of resources necessary for placing the plans into effect; leading is the function of channeling employees and other individuals behavior to accomplish objectives; and controlling is evaluating whether the objectives have been met and devising alternatives for improving the chances of achieving those objectives. From this framework, three research questions can be framed to guide this essay on the issue of devising an operational management strategies for Costa Coffee Shop: (1) what are the improvements that can be suggested on the operations management at Costa Coffee Shop? ; (2) what are the operations management common in the coffee shop industry particularly those who have succeeded? And; (3) taking into consideration the resources and location of Costa Coffee Shop, what is the most appropriate operational management strategy? Gaskill, Van Auken, and Kims (1994) research on small business success has suggested that the development of management strategies contributed to firm continuance and growth. Because key components of strategic management as applied to the family business remain difficult to identify the purpose of this essay is to identify the operation management problems and issues faced by Costa Coffee Shop and identify possible strategies to address these issues. Furthermore, improvements on the operations of Costa Coffee Shop shall also be propose operational strategies to solve the problems and increase efficiency and profit. The recommendations shall take into consideration the socio-cultural dynamics within the community where Costa is located. Research Method This article conducted interviews on the customers and some of the staff of Costa Coffee Shop, a survey of the location of the shop and frequented the store to take note of the operations, the quality of services and goods offered at the shop. Furthermore, my observations were confirmed by conducting an interview with the management and some of its loyal customers (or as they claim to be). Consequently, some of the people within the area who does not frequent the store were also asked on the reasons why they do not patronize the shop. From this take off point, a survey of literature was conducted. Analysis There are several approaches that can be taken in planning effective operational strategies, but practitioners suggest a comprehensive approach that deals with cost, industry structure, market preferences, and internal capabilities(Mcleod, Miller, and Oh, 2001). Internal capabilities involve aspects of the management process such as the organizational configuration and environment and managerial characteristics. Merz and Sauber (1995) uggest that there has been a tendency to limit the study of business management to the broad functions of planning, organizing, staffing, and controlling. Efficient and effective processes require integrated tasks from product/service design to post-sale customer service. Quality has historically taken a process-focus at the front end, with programs like quality function deployment which turns the interfacing of customers and product design into a manageable system (Goodale, Hornsb y, and Kuratko, 2001). Censorship and the Internet: EssayDescribes or references the process(es), including roles, responsibilities, and authorities of management and staff for: Ensuring that work is performed according to approved planning. The identification of operations needing procedures, preparation, review, approval, revision, and withdrawl of these procedures; and policy for use. Controlling and documenting products and services. Assessment and Response. Describes or references the process(es) including roles, responsibilities, and authorities of management and staff for: Assesses the adequacy of the quality system at least annually. Plans, implements, and documents assessments and reporting assessment results to management including how to select an assessment tool, the expected frequency of their application to customer service programs and the roles and responsibilities of the staff on the customers. Determines the level of competence, experience, and training necessary to ensure that personnel conducting assessments are technically knowledgeable, have no real or perceived conflict of interest, and have no direct involvement or responsibility for the work being assessed. Ensures that personnel conducting assessments have sufficient access to programs, manager, documents, and records. Managements review and response to assessment. Identifies how and when corrective actions are to be taken in response to the findings of the assessment, ensuring corrective actions are made promptly, confirming the implementation and effectiveness of any corrective action, and documenting such actions. Addresses any disputes encountered as a result of assessments Quality Improvement. Identify who (organizationally) is responsible for dentifying, planning, implementing, and evaluating the effectiveness of quality improvement activities and describes the process to ensure continuous quality improvement, including the roles and responsibilities of management and staff. Ensures that conditions adverse to quality are: Prevented Identified promptly including a determination of the nature and extent of the problem. Corrected as soon as practical, including implementing appropri ate corrective actions and actions to prevent reoccurrence. Documenting all corrective actions. Tracking such actions to closure. Encourages staff at all levels to establish communications between customers and suppliers, identify process improvement opportunities, and identify and offer solutions to problems. Conclusion Based on the findings of this exploratory investigation, there are a number of interesting observations and implications about operation management and flexibility at Costa Coffee Shop. Systematic collection of business performance information (sales, costs, and net income), measurement of customer satisfaction, and training programs for quality can be used to improve the operations of Costa Coffee Shop. Accordingly, these practices provide direction when employees are under shared management and require ambiguity absorption. This facilitates management of systemic flexibility (Covin and Slevin 1991) and therefore supports the attainment of the quality and flexibility we have earlier espoused. In summary, the results of this essay provide a reflection of quality management practices at Costa Coffee Shop and the operational management practices in small firms participating in dynamic markets. Furthermore, this article proposes that Costa Coffee Shop can best attain quality of service and product and flexibility in its operation if it shall perform some changes in its operations specifically targeting human resource and process flexibility and improvements in quality of service and goods. Recommendation It is important to note that there are limitations to this exploratory study. Although there was an attempt to be as nearly comprehensive as possible in specifying quality strategies and tools for Costa Coffee Shop to consider, he instrument can never achieve complete specificity. Future research in this area should focus on at least three questions. First, what impact do the various quality practices have on business success criteria such as sales growth, productivity, and profitability? Second, are there demographic differences such as geographic location, size, industry type, and age of the small business in the implementation of quality practices? Finally, what impact a re larger client organizations having on smaller firms and their strategic focus relating to quality?